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<title>Emergency</title>

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<span id="openzim-page-title" class="mw-page-title-main"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Emergency</span></span>

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</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="Emergency_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Emergency (disambiguation)">Emergency (disambiguation)</a>.</div>

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<div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/emergency" class="extiw external" title="wiktionary:Special:Search/emergency">emergency</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div>

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<p>An <b>emergency</b> is an urgent, unexpected, and usually dangerous situation that poses an immediate risk to <a href="Health" title="Health">health</a>, <a href="Life" title="Life">life</a>, <a href="Property" title="Property">property</a>, or <a href="Natural_environment" title="Natural environment">environment</a> and requires immediate action.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most emergencies require urgent intervention to prevent a worsening of the situation, although in some situations, mitigation may not be possible and agencies may only be able to offer palliative care for the aftermath.

</p><p>While some emergencies are self-evident (such as a <a href="Natural_disaster" title="Natural disaster">natural disaster</a> that threatens many lives), many smaller incidents require that an observer (or affected party) decide whether it qualifies as an emergency.

The precise definition of an emergency, the agencies involved and the procedures used, vary by jurisdiction, and this is usually set by the <a href="Government" title="Government">government</a>, whose agencies (<a href="Emergency_service" title="Emergency service">emergency services</a>) are responsible for emergency planning and management.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Defining_an_emergency">Defining an emergency</h2></div>

<p>An incident, to be an emergency, conforms to one or more of the following, if it:

</p>

<ul><li>Poses an immediate threat to <a href="Life" title="Life">life</a>, <a href="Health" title="Health">health</a>, <a href="Property" title="Property">property</a>, or environment</li>

<li>Has already caused loss of life, health detriments, property damage, or environmental damage</li>

<li>has a high <a href="Probability" title="Probability">probability</a> of escalating to cause immediate danger to life, health, property, or environment<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul>

<p>In the United States, most states mandate that a notice be printed in each telephone book that requires that someone must relinquish use of a phone line, if a person requests the use of a telephone line (such as a <a href="Party_line_(telephony)" title="Party line (telephony)">party line</a>) to report an emergency. State statutes typically define an <i>emergency</i> as, "...a condition where life, health, or property is in jeopardy, and the prompt summoning of aid is essential."<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Whilst most emergency services agree on protecting <a href="Human" title="Human">human</a> health, life and property, the environmental impacts are not considered sufficiently important by some agencies. This also extends to areas such as <a href="Animal_welfare" title="Animal welfare">animal welfare</a>, where some emergency organizations cover this element through the "property" definition, where animals owned by a person are threatened (although this does not cover wild animals). This means that some agencies do not mount an "emergency" response where it endangers wild animals or environment, though others respond to such incidents (such as oil spills at sea that threaten marine life). The attitude of the agencies involved is likely to reflect the predominant opinion of the government of the area.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Types_of_emergency">Types of emergency</h2></div>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dangers_to_life">Dangers to life</h3></div>

<p>Many emergencies cause an immediate danger to the life of people involved. This can range from emergencies affecting a single person, such as the entire range of <a href="Medical_emergency" title="Medical emergency">medical emergencies</a> including <a href="Myocardial_infarction" title="Myocardial infarction">heart attacks</a>, <a href="Stroke" title="Stroke">strokes</a>, <a href="Cardiac_arrest" title="Cardiac arrest">cardiac arrest</a> and <a href="Physical_trauma" class="mw-redirect" title="Physical trauma">trauma</a>, to incidents that affect large numbers of people such as <a href="Natural_disaster" title="Natural disaster">natural disasters</a> including <a href="Tornado" title="Tornado">tornadoes</a>, <a href="Hurricane" class="mw-redirect" title="Hurricane">hurricanes</a>, <a href="Flood" title="Flood">floods</a>, <a href="Earthquake" title="Earthquake">earthquakes</a>, <a href="Mudslide" class="mw-redirect" title="Mudslide">mudslides</a> and outbreaks of diseases such as <a href="Coronavirus" title="Coronavirus">coronavirus</a>, <a href="Cholera" title="Cholera">cholera</a>, <a href="Ebola_virus_disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Ebola virus disease">Ebola</a>, and <a href="Malaria" title="Malaria">malaria</a>.

</p><p>Most agencies consider these the highest priority emergency, which follows the general school of thought that nothing is more important than human life.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dangers_to_health">Dangers to health</h3></div>

<p>Some emergencies are not necessarily immediately threatening to life, but might have serious implications for the continued health and well-being of a person or persons (though a health emergency can subsequently escalate to life-threatening).

</p><p>The causes of a health emergency are often very similar to the causes of an emergency threatening to life, which includes medical emergencies and natural disasters, although the <i>range</i> of incidents that can be categorized here is far greater than those that cause a danger to life (such as broken limbs, which do not usually cause death, but immediate intervention is required if the person is to recover properly). Many life emergencies, such as cardiac arrest, are also health emergencies.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dangers_to_the_environment">Dangers to the environment</h3></div>

<p>Some emergencies do not immediately endanger life, health or property, but do affect the natural environment and creatures living within it. Not all agencies consider this a genuine emergency, but it can have far-reaching effects on animals and the long term condition of the land. Examples would include <a href="Forest_fire" class="mw-redirect" title="Forest fire">forest fires</a> and marine <a href="Oil_spill" title="Oil spill">oil spills</a>.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Systems_of_classifying_emergencies">Systems of classifying emergencies</h2></div>

<p>Agencies across the world have different systems for classifying incidents, but all of them serve to help them allocate finite resource, by prioritising between different emergencies.

</p><p>The first stage of any classification is likely to define whether the incident qualifies as an emergency, and consequently if it warrants an emergency response. Some agencies may still respond to non-emergency calls, depending on their remit and availability of resource. An example of this would be a fire department responding to help retrieve a cat from a tree, where no life, health or property is immediately at risk.

</p><p>Following this, many agencies assign a sub-classification to the emergency, prioritising incidents that have the most potential for risk to life, health or property (in that order). For instance, many ambulance services use a system called the <a href="Advanced_Medical_Priority_Dispatch_System" class="mw-redirect" title="Advanced Medical Priority Dispatch System">Advanced Medical Priority Dispatch System</a> (AMPDS) or a similar solution.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The AMPDS categorises all calls to the ambulance service using it as either 'A' category (immediately life-threatening), 'B' Category (immediately health threatening) or 'C' category (non-emergency call that still requires a response). Some services have a fourth category, where they believe that no response is required after clinical questions are asked.

</p><p>Another system for prioritizing medical calls is known as Emergency Medical Dispatch (EMD).<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jurisdictions that use EMD typically assign a code of "alpha" (low priority), "bravo" (medium priority), "charlie" (requiring <a href="Paramedic" title="Paramedic">advanced life support</a>), delta (high priority, requiring <a href="Advanced_life_support" title="Advanced life support">advanced life support</a>) or "echo" (maximum possible priority, e.g., witnessed cardiac arrests) to each inbound request for service; these codes are then used to determine the appropriate level of response.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Other systems (especially as regards <a href="Emergency_management" title="Emergency management">major incidents</a>) use objective measures to direct resource. Two such systems are <a href="CHALET" title="CHALET">SAD CHALET</a> and <a href="ETHANE" title="ETHANE">ETHANE</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which are both mnemonics to help emergency services staff classify incidents, and direct resource.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Each of these acronyms helps ascertain the number of casualties (usually including the number of dead and number of non-injured people involved), how the incident has occurred, and what emergency services are required.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Agencies_involved_in_dealing_with_emergencies">Agencies involved in dealing with emergencies</h2></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Emergency_service" title="Emergency service">Emergency service</a></div>

<p>Most developed countries have a number of <a href="Emergency_service" title="Emergency service">emergency services</a> operating within them, whose purpose is to provide assistance in dealing with any emergency. They are often government operated, paid for from <a href="Tax" title="Tax">tax</a> revenue as a public service, but in some cases, they may be private companies, responding to emergencies in return for payment, or they may be voluntary organisations, providing the assistance from funds raised from <a href="Donation" title="Donation">donations</a>.

</p><p>Most developed countries operate three core emergency services:

</p>

<ul><li><b><a href="Police" title="Police">Police</a></b> – handle mainly <a href="Crime" title="Crime">crime</a>-related emergencies.</li>

<li><b><a href="Fire_department" title="Fire department">Fire</a></b> – handle <a href="Fire" title="Fire">fire</a>-related emergencies and usually possess secondary rescue duties.</li>

<li><b><a href="Emergency_Medical_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="Emergency Medical Service">Medical</a></b> – handle <a href="Medicine" title="Medicine">medical</a>-related emergencies.</li></ul>

<p>There may also be a number of specialized emergency services, which may be a part of one of the core agencies, or may be separate entities who assist the main agencies. This can include services, such as <a href="Bomb_disposal" title="Bomb disposal">bomb disposal</a>, <a href="Search_and_rescue" title="Search and rescue">search and rescue</a>, and <a href="Dangerous_goods" title="Dangerous goods">hazardous material</a> operations.

</p><p>The Military and the <a href="Amateur_Radio_Emergency_Service" title="Amateur Radio Emergency Service">Amateur Radio Emergency Service</a> (ARES) or <a href="Radio_Amateur_Civil_Emergency_Service" title="Radio Amateur Civil Emergency Service">Radio Amateur Civil Emergency Service</a> (RACES) help in large emergencies such as a disaster or major civil unrest.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Summoning_emergency_services">Summoning emergency services</h3></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Emergency_telephone_number" title="Emergency telephone number">Emergency telephone number</a></div>

<p>Most countries have an <a href="Emergency_telephone_number" title="Emergency telephone number">emergency telephone number</a>, also known as the universal emergency number, which can be used to summon the emergency services to any incident. This number varies from country to country (and in some cases by region within a country), but in most cases, they are in a short number format, such as <a href="9-1-1" class="mw-redirect" title="9-1-1">911</a> (United States and many parts of Canada),<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="999_(emergency_telephone_number)" title="999 (emergency telephone number)">999</a> (United Kingdom),<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="1-1-2" class="mw-redirect" title="1-1-2">112</a> (Europe)<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ec_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ec-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="000_(emergency_telephone_number)" title="000 (emergency telephone number)">000</a> (Australia).<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>To simplify the summoning of emergency services, EmerGa,<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a French first aid association recognized as being of public interest, has been developing EmerGa since 2024. This mobile application, originally developed under the name <i>FABA</i> by <a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herv%C3%A9_Yvis" class="extiw external" title="fr:Hervé Yvis">Hervé Yvis</a>, offers quick access to emergency services worldwide through an intuitive visual interface, eliminating the need to memorize different emergency numbers.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>The majority of mobile phones also dial the emergency services, even if the phone keyboard is locked, or if the phone has an expired or missing <a href="Subscriber_Identity_Module" class="mw-redirect" title="Subscriber Identity Module">SIM card</a>, although the provision of this service varies by country and network.<sup id="cite_ref-ec_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ec-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Civil_emergency_services">Civil emergency services</h3></div>

<p>In addition to those services provided specifically for emergencies, there may be a number of agencies who provide an emergency service as an incidental part of their normal 'day job' provision. This can include <a href="Public_utility" title="Public utility">public utility</a> workers, such as in provision of <a href="Electricity" title="Electricity">electricity</a> or <a href="Fuel_gas" title="Fuel gas">gas</a>, who may be required to respond quickly, as both utilities have a large potential to cause danger to life, health and property if there is an infrastructure failure.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Domestic_emergency_services">Domestic emergency services</h3></div>

<p>Generally perceived as pay per use emergency services, domestic emergency services are small, medium or large businesses who tend to emergencies within the boundaries of licensing or capabilities. These tend to consist of emergencies where health or property is perceived to be at risk but may not qualify for official emergency response. Domestic emergency services are in principle similar to civil emergency services where public or private utility workers will perform corrective repairs to essential services and avail their service at all times; however, these are at a cost for the service. An example would be an emergency plumber.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Emergency_action_principles_(EAP)">Emergency action principles (EAP)</h2></div>

<p>Emergency action principles are key 'rules' that guide the actions of rescuers and potential rescuers. Because of the inherent nature of emergencies, no two are likely to be the same, so emergency action principles help to guide rescuers at incidents, by sticking to some basic tenets.

</p><p>The adherence to (and contents of) the principles by would-be rescuers varies widely based on the <a href="Training" title="Training">training</a> the people involved in emergency have received, the support available from emergency services (and the time it takes to arrive) and the emergency itself.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Key_emergency_principle">Key emergency principle</h3></div>

<p>The key <a href="Principle" title="Principle">principle</a> taught in almost all <a href="Systems" class="mw-redirect" title="Systems">systems</a> is that the <a href="Rescue" title="Rescue">rescuer</a>, whether a lay person or a <a href="Professional" title="Professional">professional</a>, should <a href="Risk_assessment" title="Risk assessment">assess</a> the situation for <a href="Risk" title="Risk">danger</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>The reason that an assessment for danger is given such high priority is that it is core to emergency <a href="Management" title="Management">management</a> that rescuers do not become secondary victims of any incident, as this creates a further emergency that must be dealt with.

</p><p>A typical assessment for danger would involve <a href="Observation" title="Observation">observation</a> of the <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/surroundings" class="extiw external" title="wikt:surroundings">surroundings</a>, starting with the cause of the <a href="Accident" title="Accident">accident</a> (e.g. a falling object) and expanding outwards to include any situational <a href="Hazard" title="Hazard">hazards</a> (e.g. fast moving traffic) and history or secondary information given by <a href="Witnesses" class="mw-redirect" title="Witnesses">witnesses</a>, bystanders or the emergency services (e.g. an <a href="Assault" title="Assault">attacker</a> still waiting nearby).

</p><p>Once a primary danger assessment has been completed, this should not end the system of checking for danger, but should inform all other parts of the process.

</p><p>If at any time the risk from any hazard poses a significant danger (as a factor of <a href="Likelihood" class="mw-redirect" title="Likelihood">likelihood</a> and seriousness) to the rescuer, they should consider whether they should approach the scene (or leave the scene if appropriate).

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Managing_an_emergency">Managing an emergency</h2></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Emergency_management" title="Emergency management">Emergency management</a></div>

<p>There are many emergency services protocols that apply in an emergency, which usually start with planning before an emergency occurs. One commonly used system for demonstrating the phases is shown here on the right.

</p><p>The planning phase starts at <b>preparedness</b>, where the agencies decide how to respond to a given incident or set of circumstances. This should ideally include lines of command and control, and division of activities between agencies. This avoids potentially negative situations such as three separate agencies all starting an official <a href="Emergency_shelter" title="Emergency shelter">emergency shelter</a> for victims of a disaster.

</p><p>Following an emergency occurring, the agencies then move to a <b>response</b> phase, where they execute their plans, and may end up improvising some areas of their response (due to gaps in the planning phase, which are inevitable due to the individual nature of most incidents).

</p><p>Agencies may then be involved in <b>recovery</b> following the incident, where they assist in the clear up from the incident, or help the people involved overcome their mental trauma.

</p><p>The final phase in the circle is <b>mitigation</b>, which involves taking steps to ensure no re-occurrence is possible, or putting additional plans in place to ensure less damage is done. This should feed back into the preparedness stage, with updated plans in place to deal with future emergencies, thus completing the circle.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="State_of_emergency">State of emergency</h2></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="State_of_emergency" title="State of emergency">State of emergency</a></div>

<p>In the event of a major incident, such as civil unrest or a major disaster, many governments maintain the right to declare a <a href="State_of_emergency" title="State of emergency">state of emergency</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which gives them extensive powers over the daily lives of their citizens, and may include temporary curtailment on certain <a href="Civil_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Civil rights">civil rights</a>, including the right to trial. For instance to discourage <a href="Looting" title="Looting">looting</a> of an evacuated area, a shoot on sight policy, however unlikely to occur, may be publicized.

</p>

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<ul><li><a href="Certified_first_responder" title="Certified first responder">Certified first responder</a></li>

<li><a href="First_aid" title="First aid">First aid</a></li>

<li><a href="Emergency_Communication_System" class="mw-redirect" title="Emergency Communication System">Emergency Communication System</a></li>

<li><a href="Emergency_medical_service" class="mw-redirect" title="Emergency medical service">Emergency medical service</a></li>

<li><a href="Emergency_Response_Information_Network" title="Emergency Response Information Network">Emergency Response Information Network</a></li>

<li><a href="Emergency_sanitation" title="Emergency sanitation">Emergency sanitation</a></li>

<li><a href="Lockdown" title="Lockdown">Lockdown</a></li>

<li><a href="Hazard_prevention" class="mw-redirect" title="Hazard prevention">Prevention</a></li>

<li><a href="Natural_disaster" title="Natural disaster">Natural disaster</a></li>

<li><a href="Maritime_emergency" title="Maritime emergency">Maritime emergency</a></li>

<li><a href="SWAT" title="SWAT">SWAT</a> (Special Weapons And Tactics)</li></ul>

</div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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</style><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-unfit"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070606230917/http://www.ukresilience.info/upload/assets/www.ukresilience.info/15mayshortguide.pdf">"UK Government Advice on Definition of an Emergency"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from the original on 2007-06-06<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-05-30</span></span>.</cite></span>

</li>

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</li>

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<li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070523163806/http://www.sja.org.uk/sja/first-aid-advice/life-saving-procedures/primary-survey.aspx">"St John Ambulance UK Primary Assessment guide"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sja.org.uk/sja/first-aid-advice/life-saving-procedures/primary-survey.aspx">the original</a> on 2007-05-23<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-05-30</span></span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/ld200304/ldbills/077/04077.12-18.html">"UK Government Civil Contingencies Act, giving powers to declare a state of emergency"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-05-30</span></span>.</cite></span>

</li>

</ol></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>

<p><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Emergencies" class="extiw external" title="commons:Category:Emergencies">Emergencies</a> at Wikimedia Commons

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</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5070802#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata772" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5070802#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata772" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Authority control databases </div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4140939-5">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Emergencies"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh2005000784">United States</a></span></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lux.collections.yale.edu/view/concept/5152da3b-a23a-42b1-ab9d-6b8dfd544002">Yale LUX</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><div><div class="zim-footer">

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